Madinat Mardin min al-fath al-'arabi ila sanat 1515 M/ 921 H.

• Shumaysani, Hasan
• 'Alam al-Kutub
• 574p 古書
• 1987
• Mardin (Turkey) -- History مدينة ماردين من الفتح العربي الى سنة 1515 م/921 ھ حسن شميساني Madīnat Mārdīn min al-fatḥ al-ʻArabī ilá sanat 1515 M/921 H Ḥasan Shumaysānī

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The Mamluk Sultanate from the Perspective of Regional and World History: economic, social and cultural development in an era of increasing international interaction and competition. (Mamluk Studies, 17 )

• Amitai, Reuven & Stephan Conermann (ed.)
• V&R Unipress
• 55p
• 2019 特価
• 特価　￥12,392 Mamlukes -- Islamic history The Mamluk Sultanate represents an extremely interesting case study to examine social, economic and cultural developments in the transition into the rapidly changing modern world. On the one hand, it is the heir of a political and military tradition that goes back hundreds of years, and brought this to a high pitch that enabled astounding victories over serious external threats. On the other hand, as time went on, it was increasingly confronted with ?modern? problems that would necessitate fundamental changes in its structure and content. The Mamluk period was one of great religious and social change, and in many ways the modern demographic map was established at this time. This volume will show that the situation of the Mamluk Sultanate, was far from that of decadence, and until the end it was a vibrant society (although not without tensions and increasing problems) that did its best to adapt and compete in a rapidly changing world.

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Yusuf al-Awwal Ibn al-Ahmar: Sultan Gharnatah (733-755 h.)

• Shabanah, Muhd. Kamal
• Lajnat al-Bayyān al-ʻArabī
• 671p illus. 古書
• 1969
• Yūsuf I, King of Granada, 1318-1354 -- Biography يوسف الاول بن الاحمر، سلطان غرناطة شبانة، محمد كمال Yūsuf al-Awwal ibn al-Aḥmar, Sulṭān Gharnāṭā Shabānah, Mohammed Kamāl [Yusuf 1 ibn al-Ahmar, Sultan Granada, por Mohamed Kamal Chabana]

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Ransoming captives in crusader Spain : the Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic frontier. (The Middle Ages)

• Brodman, James William
• U. of Pennsylvania Press
• xiii, 196p
• 1986
• Church history --Crusades -- Islamic civilization -- Spain -- Mercedarians -- 13th century One: War, raids and ransoming -- Two: The thirteenth-century order -- Three: Masters and commanders -- Four: Mercedarian life -- Five: Preachers, patrons, and properties -- Six: Captives and their ransomers -- Conclusion

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Tarikh al-Bahriyah al-Islamiyah fi Misr wa al-Sham.

• al-'Abbadi, Ahmad Mukhtar & al-Sayyid 'Abd al-'Aiz Salim
• Dār al-Nahḍah al-ʻArabīyah
• 5p(en)+370p illus.
• 1981
• Naval History -- Egypt -- Syria -- Islamic empire تاريخ البحرية الإسلامية في مصر والشام تأليف أحمد مختار العبادي، السيد عبد العزيز سالم Tārīkh al-baḥrīyah al-Islāmīyah fī Miṣr wa-al-Shām taʼlīf Aḥmad Mukhtār al-ʻAbbādī, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz Sālim [Moslem Sea Power in Egypt and Syria] Summary in English

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Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorlugu (1040-1157) : siyasi tarih, teskilat ve idare (Series of Sources and Studies on Seljuk History no. 1)

• Özaydın, Abdülkerim
• IRCICA
• 639p map
• 2023
• Seljuks -- History -- Turkey -- to 1453 Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu (1040-1157) : siyasi tarih, teşkilât ve idare / Abdülkerim Özaydın [The Great Seljuk Empire (1040-1157) (Political History, Organization and Administration)] The present book is a comprehensive scholarly work on the Great Seljuk Empire authored by Prof. Dr. Abdülkerim Özaydın and published by IRCICA. It covers all aspects of the Seljuk history, under the chapters titled “The Foundation Phase (945-1040)”, “The First Phase of the Empire (1040-1092)”, “The Period of Regression and Transition (1921118)”, “The Second Phase of the Empire (1118-1157)”, “Organization and Administration”. The several appendices include a chronological table, a genealogy of the Great Seljuk Sultans, and indexes.

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Islamic Administration under Omar Ibn al-Khattab

• Majdalawi, Farouk Said
• Majdalawi Masterpieces Publications
• xiii,253p
• 2002
• Umar ibn al-Khattab, Caliph, -644 -- Caliph -- Islamic empire -- History Covering the achievements of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, the second Caliph after the Prophet Mohammed, this book focuses on the sources of Omar's government and administration. It explores the establishment of the Diwans building the Islamic army, contruction projects and government infrastructure.

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Early Islamic Institutions: administration and taxation from the Caliphate to the Umayyads and Abbasids. tr. by Razia Ali (Contemporary Arab Scholarship in the Social Sciences, v. 4)

• Duri, Abd al-Aziz
• I.B. Tauris
• x,222p. pap.
• 2014(11)
• The rapid expansion of the early Islamic world is conventionally ascribed to a combination of brilliant military leadership and religious fervour. In this book, Abd al-Aziz Duni demonstrates how the growth, development and durability of early Islamic governance derived from highly sophisticated systems of administration (in which the idea of a Muslim ummah was the central feature) as well as efficient mechanisms for taxation and tax collection. Preface Chapter 1: Origins of the Political Systems: al-nuzum al-siyasiyah Chapter 2: Fiscal Systsems: al-nuzum al-maliyah Chapter 3: Administrative Systems

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Harakat al-Khawarij: nash'at-ha wa tatawwur-ha ila nihayat al-'ahd al-Umawi, 47-132 H.

• al-Bakkay, Latifah
• Dār al-Talīʻah lil-Tibāʻah wa-al-Nashr
• 320p
• 2007(01)
• Kharijites -- Islamic Empire -- History -- 661-750 حركة الخوارج : نشأتها وتطورها إلى نهاية العهد الأموي، ٣٧-١٣٢ ھ لطيفة البكاي Ḥarakat al-Khawārij : nashʼatuhā wa-taṭawwuruhā ilá nihāyat al-ʻAhd al-Umawī, 37-132 H Laṭīfah al-Bakkāy

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Durrat al-Ghawwas fi Muhadarah al-Khawass

• Ibn Farhun al-Maliki, Burhan al-Din (m. 799 h.)
• 387p
• 1985(80)
• Islamic law -- Malikites -- Early works to 1800 درة الغواص في محاضرة الخواص أليف برهان الدين بن فرحون المالكي Durrat al-ghawwāṣ fī muḥāḍarat al-khawāṣṣ taʼlīf Burhān al-Dīn ibn Farḥūn al-Mālikī

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Studies in Islamic and Middle Eastern texts and traditions in memory of Norman Calder (Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement, No. 12)

• Hawting, G.R., J.A. Mojaddedi & A. Samely (ed.)
• Oxford U.P.
• vi,306p
• 2000
• Islam -- Islamic law -- Arabic literature -- History and criticism Norman Calder 21 March 1950-13 February 1998 / Stefan Sperl Published works of Norman Calder Jewish tradition in early Islam: the case of Enoch/Idrīs / P.S. Alexander Al-Muʻtaṣim's 'bridge of toil' and Abū Tammām's Amorium qaṣīda / J. Bray A propos du Kitāb al-radd ʻalā al-Shāfiʻī attribué à Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn al-Labbād al-Qayrawānī (m. 333/944) et des réfutations de Shāfiʻī dans le mālikisme ancien / É. Chaumont The Khārijites and the caliphal title / P. Crone Narrative and doctrine in the first story of Rūmī's Mathnawī / R. Davis Two classical Shīʻī theories of qaḍāʼ / R. Gleave Discussion in Islamic law of being prevented from completing a pilgrimage (iḥṣār) / G.R. Hawting Fiqh for beginners: an Anatolian text on jihād / C. Imber In praise of the few / E. Kohlberg Can rights co-exist with religion? / O. Leaman Researching Muslim minorities: some reflections on fieldwork in Britain / S. McLoughlin Jāmīʼs re-contextualization of biographical traditions: 'the biography of Anṣārī' in the framework of the Nafaḥāt al-uns / J.A. Mojaddedi The exegetical literature of abrogation: form and content / A. Rippin From case to case: notes on the discourse logic of the Mishnah / A. Samely The defective marriage in classical Ḥanafī law: issues of form and validity / M. Siddiqui In celebration of Spring: a poem by al-Ṣanawbarī / S. Sperl The medieval Kārim: an ancient near eastern paradigm? / J. Wansbrough

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Muslim Family Law: a sourcebook

• Hodkinson, Keith
• Croom Helm
• 401p 古書
• 1984
• Domestic relations (Islamic law) -- Islamic countries -- India -- Pakistan

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Sharh Musnad Abi Hanifah, ma'a sharh-hi 'Ali al-Qari al-Hanafi.

• Abi Hanifah al-Nu'man ibn Thabit al-Kufi
• Dar al-Kuitub al-'Ilmiyah
• 619p
• 1985
• Abū Ḥanīfah, -767 or 768 -- Hadith -- Criticism and interpretation, etc. شرح مسند ابي حنيفة لابي حنيفة النعمان بن ثابت الكوفي ؛ مع شرحه لعلي القاري الحنفي Sharḥ Musnad Abī Ḥanīfah li-Abī Ḥanīfah al-Nuʼmān ibn Thābit al-Kūfī ; maʻa sharḥihi li-ʻAlī al-Qārī al-Ḥanafī

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Al-Jahiz: a Muslim humanist for one time. (Beiruter Texte und Studien, 119)

• Heinemann, A., J.L. Meloy, & T. Khalidi & M. Kropp (ed.)
• Orient-Institut Beirut
• xii,295p
• 2009
• Jāḥiẓ, -868 or 869 -- Criticism and interpretation -- Congresses Al-Jāḥiẓ : a Muslim humanist for our time

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Extremist Shiites: the Ghulat sects (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)

• Moosa, Matti
• Syracuse U.P.
• xxiii,580p pap.
• 2022(1988)
• Shīʿah -- Islamic sects -- Nosairians -- Sufism A ground-breaking study of the origins and cultural aspects of the different extremist, or Ghulat, Shiite sects in the Middle East. Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects is an extremely useful work. It contains a mass of information on little known Muslim sects, their origin, development, religious practices, and present status—the last being perhaps the most significant part of the research done on this subject.

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Al-Kashshaf, 'an haqa'iq ghawamid al-tanzil wa 'uyun al-aqawil fi waju-hi al-ta'wil ed. by Muhd. 'Abd al-Salam Shahin

• Al-Zamakhshari, Mahmud ibn 'Umar (467-538 h.)
• Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah
• 4 vols.
• 2009(03)
• Qurʼan Commentaries -- Motazilites -- Qurʼan Language, style -- Early works to 1800 الكشاف عن حقائق غوامض التنزيل وعيون الأقاويل في وجوه التأويل تأليف أبي القاسم جار الله محمود بن عمر بن محمد الزمخشري al-Kashshāf ʻan ḥaqāʼiq ghawāmiḍ al-tanzīl wa-ʻuyūn al-aqāwīl fī wujūh al-taʼwīl taʼlīf Abī al-Qāsim Jār Allāh Maḥmūd ibn ʻUmar ibn Muḥammad al-Zamakhsharī

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Sahih Muslim, al-musamma al-Jami' al-Sahih. (One volume ed.) ed. by H.Kh. al-Ta'imi

• Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Qushayri (m. 261 h.)
• al-Maktabat al-'Asriyah
• 1160p
• 2021
• Hadith—Texts—Early works to 1800 صحيح مسلم، المسمى، الجامع الصحيح مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري، Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Qushayrī, approximately 821-875

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Sahih al-Bukhari. (One volume ed.) ed. by Ahmad Zahwah & Ahmad Anaya

• al-Bukhari, Muhammed ibn Ismail
• Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi
• 1728p
• 2004
• Hadith—Texts—Early works to 1800 صحيح البخاري البخاري Sahih al-Bukhari Muhammed ibn Ismail al-Bukhari

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Akam al-Marjan fi Ahkam al-Jann. ed. & intro. by Edward Badeen (Bibliotheca Islamica, bd. 57)

• Al-Shibli, Badr al-Din Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah (1312-1367)
• Orient-Institut Beirut
• 72p(eng)+791p
• 2017
• Jinn -- Islamic demonology -- Hadith -- Quranic teaching آكام المرجان في احكام الجان بدر الدين محمد بن عبد الله الشبلي ؛ حققه وقدم له ادوارد بدين Ākām al-marjān fī aḥkām al-jānn Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh al-Shiblī ; ḥaqqaqahu wa-qaddama lahu Idwārd Badīn Ākām al-marjān fī aḥkām al-jānn(The Hills of Precious Pearls Concerning the Legal Ordinances of the Jinn) is the first critical edition of the most comprehensive monograph about Jinn and their legal ordinances in Islam, written by Badr al-Dīn al-Shiblī, a jurist and judge of the 14th century CE. The text gives an overview of all religious, denominational and philosophical theories and ordinances about the Jinn, Iblīs and all types of satanic creatures.

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The Book of Strangers: mediaeval Arabic graffiti on the theme of nostalgia. tr. by Patricia Crone & Shmuel Moreh (Princeton Series on the Middle East)

• Abu'l-Faraj al-Isfahani
• Markus Wiener Pub.
• 196p
• 2000
• Adab al-ghurabā -- Arabic poetry -- Nostalgia in literature -- History and criticism -- Graffiti -- Islamic Empire -- Themes, motives The book of strangers : mediaeval Arabic graffiti on the theme of nostalgia / attributed to Abu 'l-Faraj Al-Iṣfahānī ; translated with commentary by Patricia Crone and Shmuel Moreh A 10th century Iraqi took to collecting verse graffiti left behind by travellers. The result of his pastime was a little book that conjures up his nostalgic mood in a manner rarely attempted in Arabic literature. This work offers a translation of his work and discusses its cultural context.

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al-Munjid al-Mufassal: al-mufradah, al-muqabil wa al-isti'mal fi al-siyal; 'Arabi - Inklizi

• Dar al-Mashriq (comp.)
• Dar al-Mashriq
• 1934p
• 2018
• Arabic language -- Dictionaries -- English المنجد المفصلّ : المفردة، المقابل و الإستعمال في السياق، عربي - إنكليزي al-Munjid al-mufaṣṣal : al-mufradah, al-muqābil wa-al-istiʻmāl fī al-siyāq, ʻArabī - Inklīzī

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Jawahir Akhbar wa Mulah al-Ash'ar: Gems of the tales and anecdotes of poetry. ed. by Noha 'Abd al-Raziq al-Hifnawi (Bibliotheca Islamica, bd. 66)

• Ibn Abi 'Aqamah al-Yamani (m. 480 h.)
• Orient-Institut Beirut/ Dar al-Farabi
• 492p
• 2024
• Arabic poems جواهر الأخبار وملح الأشعار القاضي مؤتمن الدين الحسن بن محمد بن أبي عقامة اليمني المتوفى نحو 480 ه Jawāhir al-akhbār wa-mulaḥ al-ashʻār : or gems of the tales and anecdotes of poetry al-qāḍī Mu’tman al-Dīn al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī ʻAqāmat al-Yamānī, al-mutawaffá naḥū 480 h. ; taḥqīq, Nuhá ʻAbd al-Rāziq al-Ḥafnāwī

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al-Mustajad min Fa'alat al-Ajwad. ed. by Yusuf al-Bustani

• al-Tanukhi, al-Muhassin ibn 'Ali
• Dar al-'Arab lil-Bustani
• 223p 古書
• 1984
• Anecdotes -- Islamic Empire المستجاد من فعلات الأجواد لأبي القاسم علي بن عبد المحسن بن عبد المنعم التنوخي ؛ حققه يوسف البستاني al-Mustajād min faʻalāt al-ajwād li-Abī al-Qāsim ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd al-Muḥsin ibn ʻAbd al-Munʻim al-Tanūkhī ; ḥaqqaqahu Yūsuf al-Bustānī

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Linguistique Arabe et Pragmatique. (IFPO, Etudes Arabes Medievales et Modernes, PIFD 281)

• Larcher, Pierre
• IFPO
• 438p
• 2014
• Arabic language -- Grammar -- Syntax -- Rhetoric Linguistique arabe et pragmatique / Pierre Larcher ; preface Kees Versteegh La première, intitulée « Tradition linguistique arabe et pragmatique », est elle-même subdivisée en trois sections. La première section (« Le cadre général ») retrace le cheminement transdisciplinaire de la catégorie de ’inšā’ (« performatif » vs ḫabar « affirmation ») et le renouvellement que son apparition au VIIe/XIIIe siècle apporte aux trois ordres rhétorique, logique et grammatical, en révélant, pour ce dernier, une grande figure : le grammairien Raḍī al-dīn al-Astarābāḏī (m. 688/1289). La seconde section, après avoir listé les différents éléments pragmatiques qu’on trouve chez ce dernier, en propose des « analyses de détail » : délocutifs, déictiques, connecteurs pragmatiques. La troisième section (« Les sources ») présente des éditions modernes de textes anciens inédits permettant d’affiner les analyses précédentes. La seconde partie, intitulée « Linguistique de l’arabe et pragmatique », est le symétrique de la première. Elle n’utilise plus la pragmatique moderne pour questionner la tradition linguistique arabe ; elle utilise au contraire la tradition linguistique arabe pour questionner la pragmatique moderne. Elle le fait au travers de thèmes déjà abordés dans la première partie, comme les délocutifs ou les connecteurs pragmatiques, ou nouveaux : les maf‘ūl muṭlaq à incidence « énonciative », la négation, l’interrogation.

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Yarlık ve Inayetnameler : Harvard Üniversitesindeki Yarkend Hanligı ve Hocalar Dönemi'ne ait belgeler

• Bakirci, Fatih
• Ötüken
• 242p facs.
• 2023
• Shache (China) -- History -- 16th-18th centuries -- Turkish languages, Southeast -- Sources Yarlık ve inayetnameler : Harvard Üniversitesindeki Yarkend Hanlığı ve Hocalar Dönemi'ne ait belgeler / Fatih Bakırcı

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Perilous Intimacies: debating Hindu-Muslim friendship after empire. foreword by Faisal Devji (Religion, Culture, and Public Life)

• Tareen, SherAli
• Columbia U.P.
• xxi,332p pap.
• 2023
• Islam -- Relations -- Hinduism SherAli Tareen explores how leading South Asian Muslim thinkers imagined and contested the boundaries of Hindu-Muslim friendship from the late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. He argues that often what was at stake in Muslim scholarly discourse and debates on Hindu-Muslim friendship were unresolved tensions and fissures over the place and meaning of Islam in the modern world. Perilous Intimacies considers a range of topics, including Muslim scholarly translations of Hinduism, Hindu-Muslim theological polemics, the question of interreligious friendship in the Qur’an, intra-Muslim debates on cow sacrifice, and debates on emulating Hindu customs and habits.

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The Routledge Handbook of the State in Premodern India. (Routledge Handbook)

• Kulke, Hermann & Bhairabi Prasad Sahu (ed.)
• Routledge
• xix,574p
• 2022
• Political customs and rites -- India -- History This handbook presents a multilayered and multidimensional history of state formation in premodern India. It explores dense and rich local and subregional historiography from the mid-first millennium BC to the eighteenth century in South Asia. Shifting the focus away from economic and political factors, this handbook revises the conventional understanding of states and empires and locates them in their quotidian conduct and activity on socio-cultural and concomitant factors.

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Islamic History and Civilization : South Asia proceedings of the international round table, September 2019, Dushanbe (Series of studies on Islamic civilization. 49)

• Qadir, Khurram (ed.)
• IRCICA
• 472p maps, photos.
• 2020
• Islam -- South Asia -- History The volume includes contributions by sixteen leading experts on Islamic history and civilization in the Subcontinent starting with the part on ‘Muslim Inroads in South Asia’. This part includes several articles on the early Muslim Sultanates in South Asia and detailed analyses on a variety of fields including state administration; social and economic life; science, education and culture: trade and commerce; art and architecture. The following parts of the volume highlight fragmentation of Muslim polity and focus on localized Sultanates. The Muslim polity in Baharat and Deccan regions are evaluated with reference to major states such as the Baburi/Mughal Empire; as well as the minor states that were formed after the decline of the Mughals. In this context, key historical events and development of Islamic civilization under the centralized rule of the Mughal Empire and the micro-states in frontier regions such as Balochistan, Sindh, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Awadh and Khyber are analyzed by leading experts in the field.

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New Perspectives for the Study of Islamic Culture, History and Art in Uzbekistan: Proceedings of the International Conference Dedicated to the Memory of Academician Ubaydulla Karimov (Series of studies on Islamic civilization in Central Asia nr. 50)

• Kiliç, Mahmud Erol & Bakhrom Abdukhalimov (ed.)
• IRCICA
• 758p photos.
• 2021
• Uzbekistan -- Civilization -- History -- Islam -- Congresses [Ŭzbekistonda islom madanii͡ati, tarikhi va sanʺatini ŭrganishning i͡angi istiqbollari] In English, Uzbek, Russian and Turkis

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Proceedings of the International Workshop on Islamic Studies in Uzbekistan, achivements and perspectives, June 2019, Tashkent (Series of studies on Islamic civilization in Central Asia nr. 44)

• Eren, Halit & Abdurahmon Navruz Muhammad (ed.)
• IRCICA
• xvii,364p photos.
• 2020
• Islamic civilization -- Uzbekistan -- History -- Workshops Text in English, Uzbek and Russian

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Tarih ve Kurgu

• Togan, Isenbike
• Türkiye İş Bankası
• ix,620p
• 2022
• Literature and history -- Central Asia Tarih ve kurgu / İsenbike Togan Contents: Alişverişle başlayan ilişkiler -- Siyasi kültür ve kültürde ayrıntılar -- Boy ve devlet ilişkileri -- Veraset, üleşim meselesi ve algılanmaları -- Tarih yazımı

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Akhbar Qudat Misr. ed. by Husayn Nassar

• Abu 'Umar al-Kindi, Muhd. ibn Yusuf ibn Ya'qub (896-966 h.)
• Dar al-Kutub wa al-Watha'iq al-Qawmiyah
• 213p
• 2005
• Egypt - History -Judges (Islamic law) - Early works to 1800 اخبار قضاة مصر الكندي، محمد بن يوسف،, البزاز، محمد عبد الرحمان, نصار، حسين Aḫbār quḍāt Miṣr al-Kindī, Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf, 897-961 [The history of the Egyptian cadis]

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Lost Maps of the Caliphs: drawing the world in eleventh-century Cairo.

• Rapoport, Yossef & Emilie Savage-Smith
• U. of Chicago Press
• 368p color plates
• 2018
• Cairo -- Geography -- History -- Cosmography -- Early works to 1800 About a millennium ago, in Cairo, an unknown author completed a large and richly illustrated book. In the course of 35 chapters, this text guided the reader on a journey from the outermost cosmos and planets to Earth and its lands, islands, features, and inhabitants. This treatise, known as 'The Book of Curiosities', was unknown to modern scholars until a remarkable manuscript copy surfaced in 2000. 'Lost Maps of the Caliphs' provides a general overview of 'The Book of Curiosities' and the unique insight it offers into medieval Islamic thought.

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The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus: art, faith and empire in early Islam

• Grerge, Alain
• Gingko
• 261p photos. plans, facs.
• 2021
• Mosques -- Syria -- Damascus -- Jāmiʻ al-Umawī al-Kabīr (Damascus, Syria) An expansive illustrated history of the historic Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus is one of the oldest continuously used religious sites in the world. The mosque we see today was built in 705 CE by the Umayyad caliph al-Walid on top of a fourth-century Christian church that had been erected over a temple of Jupiter. Incredibly, despite the recent war, the mosque has remained almost unscathed, but over the centuries has been continuously rebuilt after damage from earthquakes and fires. In this comprehensive biography of the Umayyad Mosque, Alain George explores a wide range of sources to excavate the dense layers of the mosque's history, also uncovering what the structure looked like when it was first built with its impressive marble and mosaic-clad walls. George incorporates a range of sources, including new information he found in three previously untranslated poems written at the time the mosque was built, as well as in descriptions left by medieval scholars. He also looks carefully at the many photographs and paintings made by nineteenth-century European travelers, particularly those who recorded the building before the catastrophic fire of 1893